Marketing Environment Forces

Presentation Marketing condition is a term used to allude to the powers outside of promoting which have an effect on the showcasing manager’s capacity to make and keep up a solid relationship with the clients he is focusing on. At the end of the day, these powers influence the interest and gracefully of merchandise and ventures. In this review, center is given around three promoting powers to be specific financial, serious and socio-social forces.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Marketing Environment Forces explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic powers These allude to flourishing, downturn, despondency and recuperation life cycles and how they influence the utilization of an item. In any situation, what decides if the shopper will utilize that item is whether he can buy it. This makes financial components key determinants or a key ecological power and the most crucial power influencing promoting of an item. Elements like work, pa ce of expansion, loan fees, financial and money related strategies additionally fall under this class despite the fact that they are complicatedly entwined and they in the long run influence the business’ showcasing exercises by deciding the measure of interest for the firm’s items (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). In what manner can the advertiser utilize monetary chances for his potential benefit? Contingent upon how all the monetary elements are tended to by the firm, they can be either a chance or a danger to the firm. For example, rebate stores and cheap food focuses improve in a down economy rather than a lively and solid economy where individuals scan for more beneficial nourishments. Associations will along these lines need to survey how monetary conditions will affect on their organizations and react suitably. An effective advertiser needs to foresee and imagine these financial factors and use them for his potential benefit. The center is to get the most extreme advantages at the base costs conceivable. Regularly in such conditions as downturns and downturns, there will be high joblessness, low buying power, and along these lines low interest for items. The vital advertiser can plan to offer more an incentive at the equivalent or lower cost than the contender. He can expand publicizing and use innovation in cost decrease (Porter, 2008). The advertiser will turn into an asset by giving data and instruments which are required by the possibilities. Serious powers Before taking a gander at the serious powers themselves, it is essential to comprehend the serious structures. They incorporate imposing business model where there is just a single advertiser in the commercial center, oligopoly where there are barely any advertisers state three or four, flawless rivalry where contenders are of equivalent quality and equivalent access to showcase, and in the long run monopolistic rivalry where there are numerous marketers.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The monopolistic rivalry is the most widely recognized and advertisers need to work to guarantee that buyers pick their products and not those of their rivals (Lee, 1966). Michael E. Watchman ordered the powers into five classifications, in particular the force of serious competition, the danger of new contestants, the danger of substitute items and the dealing intensity of clients (Porter, 1979). The force of competition is brought about by an enormous number of firms vieing for similar clients and assets, slow market development that makes firms battle for the piece of the pie, high fixed costs that cause the organizations to deliver at close to limit and high stockpiling expenses or high perishability that cause the maker to sell at the earliest opportunity. Low exchanging cost where the client can without much of a stretch switch, and low degrees of item sep aration for the most part have a similar effect on the advertising. In the event that the key a lot is on the line, they increase competition. When there are high leave boundaries, it is another method of saying that the firm should remain and contend. The assorted variety of opponents where it is hard to anticipate the conduct of adversaries can imply that whenever competition can escalate. Different components on contention are level of publicizing cost, serious system of each and rivalry among on the web and furthermore disconnected firms (Porter, 2008). Porter’s second class is danger of substitutes. In this, reference is being given to items in different ventures. Value flexibility is dictated by substitute items. For example, in the tire business for vehicles, estimating might be compelled by the nearness of retreads since they are substitutes. There is in this manner rivalry emerging from substitutes rather than rivals. In straightforward terms the buyer’s affin ity to change to options is a significant thought. It tends to be impacted by exchanging costs, item separation, number of substitutes accessible and relative value execution of the substitute (Porter, 2008). Another power is the purchaser power. Here the purchaser is the reference and the person who decides the costs. For example financial specialists discuss monopsony when there are numerous venders however just a single purchaser. In such a case, the purchaser is the person who sets the cost. Different issues influencing the purchaser are purchaser affectability to value, exchanging cost, data accessibility, level of reliance on the current channels of dissemination and purchaser volume.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Marketing Environment Forces explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supplier power is another serious power. A provider is supposed to be ground-breaking when he can impact the delivering business. Providers are incredible when it is hard for makers to switch providers and are feeble when there are numerous serious providers. Danger of new contestants as a serious power comes in particularly when there are no boundaries to passage in an industry. It isn't regular particularly if there are a few entrenched firms. Other than nearness of amazing firms different obstructions to passage are government guideline, licenses and exclusive information and economies of scale. By what means would marketers be able to help in confronting such powers? At the point when the firm is confronted with a few or these powers, the advertiser can take both outer and inner measures to move for an increasingly good position. Something he/she can do is to comprehend the company’s qualities and shortcomings. The organization can decide to impact the equalization before they adversely influence it. An organization can devise a procedure that attacks. This stance is intended to accomplish more than simply adapt to the powers thems elves; it is intended to modify their causes. The organization can likewise misuse the adjustments in the business through marking out a place that is less defenseless against assault from straight on adversaries, regardless of whether set up or new, and less helpless against disintegration from the bearing of purchasers, providers, and substitute products (John Steven, 1983). This it can do through hardening great associations with great clients through showcasing and setting up innovative administration in order to be on the upside of new changes. Social-social powers These are cultural variables that sway on any promoting perspective, either making it simpler or testing. They could identify with language, family, reference gatherings, jobs and status, qualities and perspectives, religion, ethics, instruction, organizing of needs current social patterns and some more. All these influence the inclinations, recognitions and conduct. For example, an organization that centers around g ym equipment and low calorie nourishments when there is a pattern of weight reduction is probably going to sell more. Language for example will impact the manner in which an ad is perceived.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Some agenda addresses an advertiser can ask himself on the social variables are: What is the predominant religion? How does the language of the clients impact the dispersion of the items? What amount time do customers make for relaxation? What is the supposition and mentalities towards my kind of item and furthermore the organization (Adler Mortimer, 1981)? These inquiries among numerous others will enable an advertiser to recognize what issues to address, particularly on the ad part. Notices are intended to make or change an impression among expected purchasers. The advertiser will subsequently adjust his promoting procedures towards making an enduring good impression among his expected customer base. For example on religion, the showcasing office can advance items that demonstrate respect to the strict convictions like banks that offer Sharia items for Muslims. Most firms attempt as much as possible to have items that will offer more to the greater area of the general public as to any social factor since it is hard to offer an item that fulfills everyone. The advertiser ought to along these lines have the option to assess the quarters that will create greatest income. At the point when the showcasing office works connected at the hip with the creation and different divisions, they can make an item that additions favor among buyers while the advertising office makes brand devotion through item advancement. The firm can exploit the socio-social factors in making brand dependability (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). Decision Marketers ought to play out a SWOT examination to have the option to comprehend their organizations as far as their capacities and shortcomings first before hitting the market for battles. Regardless of all the troublesome powers that are available in their business field, they should battle to utilize the powers for their potential benefit. Notwithstanding, before entering a market they ought to likewise lead a PEST (political, monetary, socio -social and innovative) overview so they comprehend the market and work in a market t

Operations research free essay sample

At the point when we are endeavoring to settle on a business choice, the choice standards ought to consistently be to limit cost. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 2 EVSI can never surpass EVPI Answer Selected Answer: True Question 3 You are as of now paying $12 every hour for work, and work costs are remembered for the count of the target work coefficients of an expansion issue. The shadow cost for work imprinted on the affectability investigation report is $8. It would be financially valuable to you in the event that you could make sure about additional work for $15 every hour. Answer Selected Answer: True On the off chance that venture 1 is performed, at that point venture 2 won't be performed. This can be demonstrated by the requirement X1 †X2 ? 1, where X1 and X2 are paired factors. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 5 Monte Carlo recreations are deterministic. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 6 In developing an utility bend, Answer Selected Answer: b. the sureness of a specific sum is contrasted with the eagerness with bet that sum on a bigger sum. We will compose a custom article test on Activities examine or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Question 7 Banner Tools produces two styles of steel hammers with wooden handles. The principal sells for $6 and comprises of . pounds of steel; the second sells for $15 and comprises of 1 pound of steel. Since steel costs the firm $4 per pound and the handle, work, and bundling costs add up to $1 for either hammer, the benefits coefficients are $6 . 5($4) $1 = $3 for the littler sledge and $15 †1($4) $1 = $10 for the bigger mallet. In this manner the target work for this model is MAX 3X1 + 10X2. Given that the shadow cost for steel is $2, which of the accompanying proclamations is right? Nike may fabricate a production line at Millville (Y1) or it may not. It might likewise manufacture a provincial distribution center at a similar site (W1). However, Nike won't construct a distribution center without likewise fabricating a processing plant. Along these lines, its decisions are: (1) neither manufacturing plant nor distribution center; (2) plant in particular; or (3) production line and stockroom. The fitting direct requirement to communicate this is: Answer Selected Answer: d. Y1 †W1 ? 0 Question 9 In affectability examination, a zero shadow cost for an asset usually implies that Answer Selected Answer: a. the asset has not been spent Question 10 Which of the accompanying would not for the most part be recorded as an explanation behind the prominence of reproduction as an administrative instrument? Answer Selected Answer: a. Capacity to give ideal arrangements Question 11 The grounds book shop wishes to decide what number of units of a ceased PC it should buy for an up and coming deal. The PCs cost $800 each and the book shop trusts it can sell them for $1100 each. At that value the book shop appraises that the interest will be somewhere in the range of one and four units. Any PCs unsold toward the finish of the deal will be discounted in cost by half and will rapidly sell out. In the event that the book shop needs more PCs in stock to fulfill all the interest, it evaluates that it will cause a generosity loss of $100 for each unsatisfied client. Decide the ideal choice. What is the normal result for the ideal? Answer Selected Answer: c. 462. 5 Question 12 An organization faces conceivable mechanical activity by laborers during the last adjusts of pay arrangement with a workers’ association. The association is at present requesting pay increments and advantages worth $2m: considerably more than the business standard. Ping, the company’s CEO is sure that the association will really acknowledge a lower sum yet isn't sure how to continue. Ping has recognized two potential offers that he could make to the association. Bundle An is $1m in pay increments and advantages (around the business standard) and Package B is $700,000 in pay increments and advantages. Ping reasons â€Å"If we offer bundle An I think there’s a reasonable possibility, state 40%, that the association will acknowledge it straight away. In the event that they don’t they will return with their own proposition, let’s call it bundle Y, most likely around $1. 5m. We could simply acknowledge that. In the event that we dismissed bundle Y, at that point I think we’ve got a potential issue. The association may acknowledge our first proposal of $1m however it’s likely that they would consider that to be a destruction thus they may call a strike. I contemplate a 75% possibility of a strike. But since the strike is being called when we’ve got a $1m offer on the table, which is about what the remainder of the business is paying, I don’t figure it would last over a week and I think at long last we would most likely consent to around a $1. 2m bundle. † Any strike will cost the organization $150,000 every week well beyond the expense of the bundle. Ping’s second option is to start by offering bundle B. He assesses there is a 20% possibility of the association tolerating that offer right away. There is likewise about a 10% possibility that the association would be offended by bundle B since it is considerably beneath what the business is paying and promptly call a strike. All things considered the strike would in all probability most recent 3 weeks and a last understanding would be reached on a bundle worth about $1. 1m. Thirdly, the association may return with their own proposition, bundle Y. Presently the organization has three potential reactions if the association proposes bundle Y. (1) They can acknowledge bundle Y. 2) They can dismiss it, in which case now the association would have about a 90% possibility of considering a strike that would most recent a month and end in a concession to a $1. 1m bundle or the association would have a 10% possibility of tolerating bundle B. (3) Or the organization could build their proposal to bundle A. Since expanding the offer would be found in this circumstance as a motion of altruism with respect to the organization, the association would doubtlessly acknowledge bundle A (with 70% likelihood) despite the fact that there would in any case be 30% possibility of a multi week strike that finished in a concession to a $1. 25m bundle. Note that all measures of cash are in present worth dollars and measure the full expense of every choice both quickly and later on). Draw a choice tree. What is the ideal for the most quick choice? Answer Selected Answer: b. Offer B Question 13 Extel Industries produces incorporated circuit parts for use in the up and coming age of vehicles. Specifically, it can make the AT50 unit that can control the air temperature in the vehicle, the V35 unit that screens vibration and makes alterations as needs be, and the GM30 that directs the motor with the goal that the vehicle gives most extreme proficiency. The unit benefits on these units are $84, $112, and $126, individually. Every one of these units utilizes various amounts of three PC chips (as demonstrated as follows), which Extel buys from a Taiwanese wholesaler. C101 H122 P043 AT50 1 V35 1 2 GM30 1 2 1 Each week Extel gets 350 C101’s, 300 H122’s, and 400 P043’s. The price tag for these chips speaks to a sunk expense to Extel. Tackle this utilizing straight streamlining. Which units will Extel produce? Answer Selected Answer: b. AT50 and V35 Question 14 The Wiethoff Company has an agreement to deliver 10000 nursery hoses for a client. Wiethoff has 4 unique machines that can deliver this sort of hose. Since these machines are from various makers and use varying advancements, their details are not the equivalent. The administration showed that if machine 4 is utilized, machine 1 won't be utilized since just a predetermined number of workers are fit for working machines 1 and 4. Machine Fixed expense to set up Variable expense per hose Capacity creation run 1 750 1. 25 6000 2 500 1. 0 7500 3 1000 1. 00 4000 4 300 2. 00 5000 Solve this utilizing number streamlining. Given the data above which machines ought to be utilized? Answer Selected Answer: b. 1 and 3 Sunday, May 6, 2012 8:43:14 AM HST OK

Managing Change in Organisations: Supermarket Case Study

Overseeing Change in Organizations: Supermarket Case Study Meena Bazar one of the chain markets of the Bangladesh which serve in Bangladesh from 2000. Meena Bazar, the primary really national grocery store chain was established with the guarantee of all year. Superstores are set to blast in the nation as the present market players are wanting to open a few hundred additional outlets in the following scarcely any years to adapt to the rising interest from the customers. With a solid 15-20 percent yearly deals development, around 30 organizations with in excess of 200 outlets have just made raid into the business since Rahimafrooz, one of the biggest business bunches in Bangladesh, presented Agora, a chain superstore, in the capital 10 years back. Qualities of the Meena Bazar is Size considers serious purchasing terms, Strong senior administration, Flexible configurations. Chances of the Meena Bazar are Forming or consolidating a key union with providers, Growth of non-food, Growth of accommodation and minimal hypermarket positions, Effective utilization of Clubcard database to expand crate estimate and Develop extra administrations. Meena Bazaar can effectively execute the hierarchical culture to the laborer. They have a clothing regulation in the outlets. From this the purchaser can undoubtedly tress out who will serve them and can support them. Another culture is that they are mindful about the time. They have a decent authoritative holding. The best hindrance to adjusting to persistent change lies with the administration of individuals instead of innovation. In Meena Bazar, the steady endeavors of successful usage and use of the HR methodologies make it feasible for the organization to perform well in the market. The expanding benefit yean in and year out is a proof of the fruitful HR practice. Adequately using the new assets may require a transition to an item group structure. it might even require cutting back and the end of capacities that are not, at this point key to the associations crucial. It appears that the serious issue experienced by Meena bazaar is because of the not many outlets in everywhere throughout the Bangladesh. What's more, the issues additionally emerge due to the lacking information on its administration about the utilization of key administration and other administration frameworks. Presentation: Meena Bazar one of the chain grocery stores of the Bangladesh which serve in Bangladesh from 2000. Meena Bazar, the principal genuinely national general store chain was established with the guarantee of all year newness, reasonable cost, and the most pleasurable and bother free family shopping experience for all. Holding consistent with this conviction, Meena Bazar has caught the hearts of customers everywhere. Because of our consistent development plans, we are searching for shrewd, dedicated and proactive youngsters to be a piece of our dynamic group. Here the Meena Bazar is the chosen association for the examination and access this association for the discover our which will assist with doing player execution of it. Bangladesh chain superstores parts: Superstores are set to blast in the nation as the present market players are intending to open a few hundred additional outlets in the following not many years to adapt to the rising interest from the buyers. With a solid 15-20 percent yearly deals development, around 30 organizations with in excess of 200 outlets have just made attack into the business since Rahimafrooz, one of the biggest business bunches in Bangladesh, presented Agora, a chain superstore, in the capital 10 years prior. The yearly turnover of the superstores now remains at around Tk 15.0 billion (1500 crore), as per Bangladesh Supermarket Owners Association (BSOA). Bother free shopping condition, clean items, new vegetables, meat and fish at the stores are acquiring energy about the clients, advertise administrators said. The store biggies have endeavored the monstrous extension drive to pull in the customers, who despite everything rely upon impromptu wet markets to purchase their day by day basics. They state that an ascent in sorted out retailing would offer the buyers sterile nourishments at serious costs, contrasted with those offered by retailers in the kitchen markets, where items are sold for the most part in unhygienic condition. The ascent in the quantity of grocery stores, as indicated by investigators, will broaden the selections of customers and lift their spending, so genuinely necessary for financial development, while the wet markets will likewise improve quality and administrations following in the strides of general stores. In any case, 10 years prior, the retail-level exchange was in the hands of thousands of little brokers in the wet markets and the staple shops in urban areas and stayed out of the focal point of the enormous business houses. The scene started to change in 2000 when Rahimafrooz Superstores, working Agora, moved in to hold onto a cut of the retailing and discount exchange, which has been developing at 6 percent, on a normal, yearly. In the previous decade, numerous little and enormous grocery stores made presentation, effectively pulling in center and upper white collar class purchasers, an area of whom are steadily diverting to chain stores from the wet or kitchen markets, superstore administrators state. Dhaka-based Agora currently runs four outlets, Meena Bazar nine remembering seven for Dhaka, PQS five, Prince Bazar two, Nandan five and Swapno 70 including 30 outside the capital. Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) additionally runs 11 stores in the capital. As per administrators, in excess of 600 chain retail outlets are relied upon to be set up in the following five years trying to pull in more clients. With the ongoing opening of a sum of 70 branches, ACI has differentiated the retailing business. Presently it intends to open around 500 stores in the nation in the following five years. Mamunur Rashid, advertising supervisor of PQS, said they are wanting to spread the uber shop business by opening three additional stores this year and another 10 in the following a few years. The departmental stores with the primary spotlight on food things running from a wide assortment of fish, meat, vegetables to organic products, bread shop, dairy and basic food item things additionally offer an immense range of other family unit, individual consideration and different items. Purchasers can purchase as much as almost 20,000 results of various types from such a store, the administrators gloat. General stores have effectively made an achievement in the urban way of life with the possibility of every single fundamental item under one rooftop. In the beginning of the business, around 500 clients would visit a market outlet day by day. Presently around 5,000 clients go to a store regular, they state. Meena Bazar SWOT Analysis Qualities Size takes into account serious purchasing terms Solid senior administration Adaptable organizations Solid hypermarket portfolio Inclusion the Mega City Dhaka Expanding level of speculation Solid value message and offer at serious cost than the competetors Extending non-food and online offer Effective conveyance Shortcomings Can not spread the outlets everywhere throughout the Bangladesh Expanding topographical spread makes center around explicit Markets troublesome Presented to macroeconomic troubles in certain business sectors Global development requires considerable venture High dependence on Dhaka Market Poor CSR and network sway Openings Shaping or consolidating a vital union with providers Development of non-food Development of comfort and conservative hypermarket designs Compelling utilization of Club card database to expand crate size Build up extra administrations Dangers Faces scope of different contenders globally Expanded degree of eating out Move towards premium doesn't sit with Meena Bazars customary qualities Prohibitive arranging rules Political resistance to the intensity of markets will in general spotlight on Meena Bazar Vermin Analysis for Meena Bazar (P)olitical Factors For business enactments, the legislature urges retailers to give a blend of openings for work from adaptable, lower-paid and privately based employments to exceptionally talented, more generously compensated and halfway found occupations. Additionally to fulfill the need from populace classifications, for example, understudies, working guardians and senior residents. Meena Bazar comprehends that retailing greatly affects occupations and individuals factors (new store improvements are regularly observed as devastating different employments in the retail division as conventional stores leave business or are compelled to reduce expenses to contend), being an intrinsically neighborhood and work escalated segment. Meena Bazar utilizes enormous quantities of; understudy, incapacitated and old specialists, regularly paying them lower rates. In an industry with an ordinarily high staff turnover, these laborers offer a more significant level of reliability and thusly speak to attractive worke rs. (E)conomical Factors Monetary components are of worry to Meena Bazar, since they are probably going to impact request, costs, costs and benefits. One of the most compelling variables on the economy is high joblessness levels, which diminishes the powerful interest for some merchandise, antagonistically influencing the interest required to deliver such products. (S)ocial/Cultural Factors Current patterns show that British clients have moved towards one-stop and mass shopping, which is because of an assortment of social changes. Meena Bazar have, in this way, expanded the measure of non-food things ready to move. Segment changes, for example, the maturing populace, an expansion in female laborers and a decrease in home feast arrangement imply that Bangladesh retailers are likewise concentrating on included worth items and administrations. Moreover, the center is currently towards; the own-name portion of the business blend, the gracefully chain and other operational upgrades, which can drive costs out of the business. National retailers are progressively hesitant to take on new providers. (T)echnological Factors Innovation is a significant full scale ecological variable which has impacted the improvement of a large number of the Meena Bazar items. The new advances advantage the two clients and the organization: consumer loyalty rises since products are promptly accessible, administrations can turn out to be more persona

Avoiding the Same Essay Twice

<h1>Avoiding the Same Essay Twice</h1><p>Writing a similar paper twice, twice over is a typical issue in school courses. In this article, we will talk about a portion of the manners by which you can successfully achieve this. We likewise talk about the advantages of numerous decision questions and how to appropriately structure an article so as to make the most out of these sorts of questions.</p><p></p><p>When you take up a school course, you by and large expect that there will be some assortment of paper composing experience, in spite of the fact that this doesn't generally happen. Nonetheless, the odds are acceptable that it will happen. A significant piece of the course load is regularly spent assessing a similar material over once more, so composing a similar article twice is a typical occurrence.</p><p></p><p>It can be very baffling for you in the event that you wind up composing a similar paper twice. By doing s ome additional work, you can ensure that you have a decent initial introduction and not go into the second article with the inclination that you were simply 'had a good time with.' So, beneath, I need to talk about a couple of manners by which you can build your odds of composing a similar exposition twice, and dodging this basic problem.</p><p></p><p>There are various points of interest to taking numerous decision inquiries than you would ordinarily use in a normal class. In case you're simply taking the exposition segment for the course, at that point it is typically fitting to stay away from different decision questions. This is on the grounds that you don't have a clue what the right answer is, and you can without much of a stretch get into a groove, which will serve just to disappoint you and make it harder to think of something original.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to expand your odds of composing a similar exposition tw ice is to utilize the various decision part of the article itself. Furthermore, we propose utilizing questions that really require a reaction instead of being simply 'express' questions, as this will expand your odds of having something unique. It is vastly improved to compose an article that requires a reaction than simply 'unequivocal' paper, since individuals react better to a touch of difficult work and creative mind than they do to simply the nonattendance of all effort.</p><p></p><p>It is fitting to abstain from doing a ton of research on your exposition before composing it. Truth be told, it is far superior to totally abstain from doing any examination. You need to allow yourself to concoct a unique paper. Research isn't a requirement.</p><p></p><p>As a general principle, it is significantly more essential to ensure that your paper is both elegantly composed and syntactically right. Be that as it may, you might be shocked at how much research is essential so as to achieve this. Additionally, when in doubt, it is in every case better to attempt to accomplish an elegantly composed paper as opposed to a straightforward, simple one.</p><p></p><p>The above rules should assist you with avoiding composing a similar article twice, and you ought to have the option to concoct something unique and intriguing. Presently, go forward and compose your next essay!</p>

Top Current Controversial Essay Topics Secrets

<h1> Top Current Controversial Essay Topics Secrets </h1> <p>In truth, it likewise happens at a few levels. 4 After presenting either side of the issue and permitting understudies to discuss their sentiments, you can communicate your own conclusion about it. Moreover, verify you can safeguard your theme using legitimate cases and avocations. At the point when you are mentioned to choose an extraordinary theme for your contention, start with something you're acquainted with. </p> <p>The amount and level of contention aren't outrageous. The hsc paper two module c inquiry can pose to that you form a desultory answer and a reflection proclamation. Basically expressed, a specific exposition content wherein solid discussions are generally introduced for protracted periods form into particular sort of debates. As understudies talk about the issue, they'll have the option to help each other further comprehend the contentions presented by each side. </p> <h2> The Key to Successful Current Controversial Essay Topics </h2> <p>Therefore, it's your obligation to introduce either side of the issue regardless of any place your conclusions lie. Under such conditions, you are progressively disposed to hold and offer your own contemplations along with convictions. There is nothing similar to a disputable theme to have the blood coursing through your. There are a great deal of things to contend when it respects the law. </p> <h2> Up in Arms About Current Controversial Essay Topics? </h2> <p>Most essayists tend to choose a subject as it sounds exciting. The accomplishment of your article is in the fitting determination of the subject. </p> <p>If you own a discussion coming up soon and should choose a solid subject, here's a rundown of 50 discussion points that make certain to produce an enthusiastic conversation. At the point when it has to do with composing a pugnacious article, the most significant point to do is to choose a theme and a contention which you can truly get behind. At the point when you're given a task to create a questionable paper, you must go over the most reasonable theme. Frequently, the absolute best theme is one which you really care about, yet you likewise should prepare to explore it.</p> <p>Writing a captivating exposition about in vogue themes is a chance to uncover your comprehension of the planet. Your accounts aren't easy to refute. </p> <p>There are loads of things you have to live, numerous things you feel, and you essentially don't have the foggiest idea whether some of the circumstances you do are alright or not. There are a lot of incredible decisions there when you're scanning for melodies for in-class interests. At the point when you're picking your subject, remember that it's a lot less difficult to expound on something which you presently have intrigue ineven on the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea about a lot about it. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting an incredible evaluation. </p> <p>Application articles about difficulties uncover how you react to trouble to people who are truly intrigued by how you'll deal with the resulting four years completely all alon e. Residents ought to be able to visit national galleries at no expense. Discussion your decision and don't state it. </p> <p>When you are done with your exposition, you should not simply check it for spelling and syntactic blunders, however by the by, it likewise must be checked for legitimate deceptions. Truly, there are loads of subjects that could get most guardians rather protective. There are a considerable amount of rules for picking a triumphant subject for a discussion, yet in any event, when you truly want to choose the most fitting point is a mess of difficult work, remember that it will clearly pay off. One of the central standards for choosing a successful discussion subject is that the point is fascinating to you and different members of the event. </p> <h2> What Current Controversial Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not</h2> <p>It's essential to choose begging to be proven wrong pugnacious exposition subjects as you need restricting focuses that you could counter to your own focuses. It is a somewhat significant segment of the article for the explanation that it shows the perusers what stand you're taking from the very beginning. There are numerous means which you should take to have the option to compose a phenomenal article. You don't need perusers censuring your paper in light of numerous mistakes. </p> <p>There are bunches of angles about a game that might be contended in a paper. Dubious points work pleasantly for talks and expositions, since they normally bring out solid assessments on either side. On the off chance that you have to make your entire paper in 1 day, do your absolute best to give yourself breaks so you don't wear out. A questionable exposition is one where the creator takes a particular position on a charged, contestable issue. </p>

How to Research Topics and Key Terms for Communication Skills Research Papers

<h1>How to Research Topics and Key Terms for Communication Skills Research Papers</h1><p>If you are intending to set up a relational abilities inquire about paper, at that point here are a few thoughts that will help you en route. It is significant that you expound on themes that you have information on, and it ought to be intriguing and connecting with to read.</p><p></p><p>First of all, you have to ensure that your examination paper points are pertinent to the subject of your exploration paper. As such, on the off chance that you are learning about the impacts of visual symbolism, you would not have any desire to compose an exploration paper about the negative impact of drinking espresso, or the advantages of low quality nourishment. It ought to be identified with the principle subject of your paper, and it ought to be written such that it is anything but difficult to read.</p><p></p><p>It is significant that you dia gram your examination paper themes well. By doing this, you will guarantee that the paper has a reasonable heading, and it ought to have the option to give your peruser enough data about the subject that you are attempting to expound on. Also, a blueprint should give you a thought of what sort of data you have to cover, and you ought to have the option to structure your paper around it.</p><p></p><p>Remember that when you start your composing abilities, you don't have numerous choices to look over. This implies you should be set up with the points that you have looked into and have chosen to expound on. You have to realize how to structure your paper, and you have to realize how to inquire about the points that you need to expound on. You likewise should be comfortable with the catchphrases and key expressions that you have to use in your paper.</p><p></p><p>By figuring out how to inquire about key terms and key expressions, you will h ave the option to concoct fascinating and animating themes for your composing aptitudes explore paper. This implies you will have more opportunity to expound on the point, and you will have more certainty to compose your paper and to compose it well. With time, you will show signs of improvement at utilizing these key terms and key expressions, and you will likewise have the option to utilize them in your paper more effectively.</p><p></p><p>So, to figure out how to examine subjects and to compose great relational abilities explore papers, it is significant that you figure out how to inquire about points and key terms. Thusly, you will have the option to become familiar with the subject that you need to expound on, and you will have the option to furnish your perusers with more data. As it were, by inquiring about points and key terms, you will have the option to improve your composing skills.</p><p></p><p>Now, you have to design out y our exploration paper subjects. On the off chance that you need to expound on cooperation, for instance, at that point you ought to go online to see which subjects are identified with collaboration and afterward begin examining the different sites and books that are identified with the subject. You can likewise ask your associates or companions, or even read articles on teamwork.</p><p></p><p>By doing this, you will have the option to investigate themes and key terms that are identified with the subject that you need to expound on, and you will have the option to be a superior essayist. By figuring out how to investigate points and key terms, you will have the option to compose powerful relational abilities look into papers, and you will have the option to compose well. With time, you will likewise figure out how to inquire about points and key terms, and you will have the option to expound on intriguing themes with regards to correspondence skills.</p>

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Nhs Essay Samples

<h1>Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Nhs Essay Samples </h1> <h2> The One Thing to Do for Nhs Essay Samples</h2> <p>In disdain of the basic reality that NHS has made accomplishments that are generous, there are a few zones which request consideration and an inversion of work program. A few remote qualified social insurance experts add to the working of NHS. At the very same time its significance in medicinal services can't be denied. You're on the right site which will furnish you with the basic presentation concerning the prerequisites and advise about the association that will offer you the fitting introduction. </p> <h2> Whispered Nhs Essay Samples Secrets </h2> <p>Analysis of Social Environment Social condition of the country in which NHS is available will pick the progressions they should make. 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Being a genuine pioneer allows me to work in a group and think about my friends ' plans to produce our arrangements innovative and a good time for everyone. Being an incredible pioneer implies being a sublime hireling. </p>

Value Engineering Research Papers

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Shisha smoking and its hazards - Free Essay Example

Abstract This research was conducted to familiarize with the Hazards of Shisha Smoking among the youth of today, since past five years in the metropolitan city of Lahore. Primary and secondary sources were of great use. The information collected revealed that the teenagers are adopting Shisha as a style statement without knowing its health consequences. Cafes serving Shisha are considered to be rapidly increasing and therefore gain a big clientele. Besides being a growing trend it is a source of income to many suppliers. The study also found that smoking Shisha for an hour is as harmful as smoking 100 cigarettes. The need of the hour is to educate the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking Shisha. Although a complete ban on anything is not possible, government should take steps to grip this growing culture. Acknowledgements We are grateful to ‘Almighty Allah Who enabled us to complete this research paper. We are grateful to our instructor and our research supervisor, Ms. Rumessa Naqvi, whose proper guidance and apprehensive nature helped us to complete this research. We are thankful to Dr. Hassan Tariq (Medical Officer, Adil Hospital, Lahore), Ms. Madiha Jamil (Final Year Medical Student) for arranging the interview with the doctor and providing us with appropriate knowledge regarding some basic medical terms related to Shisha. We are also obliged to Mr. Muhammad Arslan (Worker at Mini Golf) for his time and effort in providing us with quality information during their interviews with the team. We are also thankful to Mr. Omer Javed Butt (owner of Cafe rock) and Mr. Usman Mukhtar Gondal (a regular consumer) for their valuable answers to our questions. Last but not the least we are obliged to our parents, siblings and fellow classmates for their love and support. We have divided our main research topic into 5 different domains. Names Domains Usman Mukhtar Gondal Social Significance Zakra Chachar Shisha Cafes Resham Sohail Clientele Ameer Ismail Health issues (Lung Cancer and Oral Cavity) Saad Ali Khan Health Issues (Nicotine Dependence, Passive Smoking, COPD and other related diseases) Shisha Smoking and its Hazards Shisha originated in north westerns province of India, in the state of Rajastan and Gujrat. According to Cyril Elgood who does not mention his source, he was in India where Hakim Abdul Fateh Gillani an Iranian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar introduced the idea of Shisha..   Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. Although Hooka has been prevalent in rural areas of Pakistan, it only recently entered in the urban areas in a substitute form of hookah which is known as Shisha. Shisha became very popular amongst youth when it was first introduces, gradually it founds it way to peoples houses, parties, functions and events. Cafes and restaurants have gathered a lot of acknowledgement by adding Shisha in variety of flavours in their menu card. By seeing this acknowledgement almost all cafes are serving Shisha in Lahore. There are many problem been faced due to Shisha as it is a demerit good. Although some studies says that Shisha smoking is safer than tobacco cigarette smoking but medical professionals says that all kinds on smoking is bad for health, therefore Shisha stands at same level as is the cigarette regarding health issues. Each Shisha session typically lasts for more than 40 minutes, and consists of 40 to 150 drags that each consists of 0.15 to 0.50 litres of smoke. Hour long Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100-200 cigarettes; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water in Shisha use to filter diseases is not that efficient to remove all kinds of diseases. . People are suffering certain diseases as they had been a regular consumer of Shisha. Therefore Health issue is the main issue of Shisha consumption. A research department on Shisha smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008. Our scope of this research on Sh isha is for last five years within geographical boundaries of Lahore. Our primary question for research is the hazards of Shisha. This we answered by acquiring knowledge of Shishas four domains significance of Shisha, health issues regarding the usage of Shisha, cafes serving Shisha and problems faced by Shisha victims due to its ban. Literature Review The objective of this paper is to study and highlight the social, behavioral, and health related aspects as well as its externalities with regard to water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Lahore since last 5 years and also to create awareness among the youth. Water pipe, also known as Shisha, â€Å"Hubble Bubble†, â€Å"Narghile†, â€Å"Ghoza† and â€Å"Hookah†, has been in practice for the last 400 years. The reasons accredited to this trend are various misconceptions, that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health. Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modernization of our cultural heritage. (Anjum et al, 2007) The extent to which water pipe smoking has penetrated our society is difficult to establish since very little work has been done on it. A recent survey conducted in high socio-economic schools of Karachi reported that Shisha is gaining popularity among the young generation and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels and Shisha cafes. This survey estimated that almost 70% children have experienced this form of tobacco, as young as seven years old. Its smoke also contains hundreds of potentially dangerous substances including carbon monoxide, charcoal, nicotine, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and lead causing disorders including lung and bladder cancers, impaired pulmonary functions, coronary heart disease, infertility, tobacco dependence and so on. (Anjum et al, 2008) Some research carried out in the UK last year showed that the people who regularly smoke `Shisha` may suffer from disastrous levels of carbon monoxide (CO) resembling to that of inhaling a car exhaust. In addition, water pipe smokers might absorb higher concentrations of these toxic substances because of higher concentrations in the smoke itself, or because they may smoke for several hours at a time and may inhale the moisturised, less irritating smok e more deeply. An hour-long `Shisha` session involves inhaling 100 to 200 times the amount of volume of smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette. This menace of Shisha Smoking is fast spreading among school and college going students. According to a research, more than 1000 Pakistani children of ages between of 6-16 years take up smoking every day. Although the Anti-Smoking Ordinance 2002, clearly prohibits storage, sale and distribution of tobacco products near educational institutions, yet some leading universities, schools and colleges in Lahore allow Shisha Smoking on social events. Besides this a number of posters posted on walls and bookshops carry attractive offers for Shisha smokers. This is primarily meant to motivate the youth studying in nearby institutions towards Shisha smoking. In fact, every day new Shisha cafes are opening up in the country because of its increasing demand by the younger generation which is further pushing the youth towards the use of this menace. Smoking is also prohibited at all public places, including hotels and restaurants. Yet, it is being served in different cafes and restaurants of the vicinity. It is indeed sad that by allowing cigarette and `Shisha` smoking in these closed premises, the anti-smoking laws of the country are being disobeyed by almost all hotels and restaurants in the country. (Dr Javed Khan, 2010) The reasons for this rising trend are certain misconceptions that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health, since the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; nicotine content is less than that of cigarettes and addition of fruit flavours make it healthier. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modern lifestyle. Our research has shown that increasing consumption of Shisha smoking among the young generation is likely to become a serious public health issue of Pakistan in a very near future. Research has shown that people who consume Shisha are likely to become regular cigarette smokers and are also pushed towards other drugs indirectly. Lack of knowledge is the main problem due to which treatment induced is ineffective to make people quit water-pipe smoking. The space between knowledge and treatment can be filled by the efforts made by the research authorities. People should be aware of the health threats so the new trend of tobacco smoking causing diseases, addiction and death can be prevented. Our health authorities must take notice of the current situation and put a complete ban on serving `Shisha` at any hotel or restaurant in the country. The electronic and print media must warn the public, particularly the youth, on the serious potential health hazards associated with `Shisha` smoking. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Research Questions Primary research question Hazards of Shisha Smoking among youngsters in Lahore, DHA and Gulberg since last past five years. Subsidiary questions 1. Do you smoke Shisha? This question was generated to know whether the respondent is a smoker or a non smoker. If someone smokes a Shisha, then what the reason actually was, being peer pressure, surroundings or status symbol. If he doesnt, then what is the reason behind it? 2. Do you think Shisha is harmful for health? This question was generated to find out the general opinion of the public about the health hazards of Shisha. 3. Has Shisha become an addiction for you? This question was asked to find out if quitting Shisha smoking is possible for the respondents. It also enquires to what extent is the respondent dependent on the Shisha availability. 4. In your opinion, what is more harmful for health? Cigarette or Shisha? This question inquires the respondents about the misconception of Shisha being less harmful than a cigarette. It is designed to find out how deep is this misconception enrooted in their minds. Methodology Data collection tools consist of a questionnaire and 4 interviews. A sample of 30 pupils was taken, consisting of Shisha smokers and non-Shisha smokers, to fill the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling and snowball sampling. 10 questionnaires were filled in the university and the remaining questionnaires were distributed to random pupils in cafes. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed by the help of Statgraphic. Interviews were conducted from four people, a doctor, and a consumer of Shisha, a supplier and a worker in cafe. The workers and consumers interview was held on 20th March 2011 at Mini golf. The suppliers interview was conducted on 28th March 2011 at Cafe Rock, while the doctors interview was carried out (March, 3, 2011). Analyses of questionnaire and interviews have been included in the discussion. Analysis of Data and Discussion Social Significance Shisha in Pakistan was introduced in the cafe â€Å"mini golf† in the liveliest city of this country Lahore in 2000. As years passed away Shisha has become one of the most significant product of get togethers. Shah Sharabeel the owner of mini golf received huge amount of revenue and acknowledgment by the serving of Shisha which attracted other businessmen got an idea to promote their cafes by providing Shisha in their cafes. Now there are more than 200 cafes serving Shisha in the city Lahore this is my own observation. It has become so significant that even in the hotels like â€Å"Pearl Continental Hotel† also serve Shisha†. Shisha significance has increased dramatically it is not only served in elite areas like Gulberg but also in lower class areas like Anarkali. It was really surprising for me as a consumer of Shisha when I was attending a wedding ceremony where I was served a Shisha, this was the very moment when I myself gave a thought that Shisha is bec oming a part of Lahores culture. The serving of Shisha in wedding ceremonies is becoming so common nowadays, I myself have attended five wedding ceremonies in which Shisha had been served. Nowadays majority of youngsters have Shisha at their homes this shows that Shisha is now socially accepted as a part of our culture. In the questionnaire I proposed a question in which I asked about their parents strict check on Shisha smoking habit majority reply was no. This shows that people do not consider Shisha as a demerit good as is a cigarette. One of the main reasons for a drastic increase in Shisha consumption is that people have a false assumption that Shisha is environmental friendly and is less harmful than cigarette whereas in a research it has been proven that Shisha is far more dangerous for ones health as compare to cigarette. (See Appendix C, Figure 4). I come to about this false assumption by interviewing a regular consumer of Shisha. While interviewing there was a question raised that why is Shisha becoming so common among youngsters like you? In reply a consumer said that Shisha is becoming a trend among youngsters, people have an incentive to hang out which is to have Shisha. Shisha in short time period had turned out to be a style icon, Shishas consumers covered people from almost all groups of society. The young people are at top of the list in Shishas fan club. The attempts of the Punjab Government to check this fast growing culture had raised many questions and the most important is that when cigarette and other drugs are not been checked by the government then why the ban on Shisha? In reply its simple that Shisha is socially accepted. When people dont get back from trying cigarettes and other drugs then this Shisha a tasty fruitful sweet flavoured smoking system should not be refraining by people. There are many reasons for smoking Shisha some says that it is a hobby, it is the best pastime with friends, a way of keeping up-to-date with newest trends or just puffing as others do it. Shisha consumption is not limited to Shisha bars only but it is spreading its roots in education premises as well, â€Å"With the hovering news of Punjab Governments consideration for an altogether complete ban on Shisha, many willing investors feel discouraged to step in the previously blooming Shisha business. Of course a 100 percent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible but even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.†(Younis, 2011) Shisha has become so common in Pakistan that nearly all cafes, restaurants and eateries offer Shisha in variety of flavours. â€Å"Our young generation today are attracted to Shisha, as it comes in a variety of flavours and is popular as a group activity†. Many Shisha consumers have faith in this false statement that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes but the reality is quiet different Shisha is far more d ifferent than cigarettes. By smoking Shisha one inhales more carbon monoxide as compare to inhaling of cigarettes, which cause heart diseases, respiratory problems and many more similar to cigarettes diseases.† According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where Shisha is very popular, Shisha is just as, if not more, harmful than normal cigarettes. Headaches, blurred vision, palpitations and dizziness are just some of the symptoms reported by Shisha smokers as well as cigarette smokers.†(Mugani, 2009). Government of Pakistan should implement laws against Shisha smoking in public places, as this kinds of laws have been implementing in many countries all over the world. Whereas if someone wants to smoke he/she should does it at his/her home. Government should create awareness especially among young generation by setting awareness programme conducted in educational institutions to educate people about the hazards of Shisha smoking. (Mugani,2009) Shisha smoking for o ne hour is equal to 100 cigarettes smoking, Shisha addiction has increased in the form of fashion.† Pakistan Chest Society Sindhs General Secretary Dr Mushataque Ahmed Memon informed that a recent research has revealed that smoking Shisha is 10 times more injurious as compared to cigarette while smoking Shisha for an hour is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, adding that the impacts of cigarette smoking are not hidden from anyone.† (Hanif, 2011) General Secretary said that Shisha smoking causes lung cancer. Causes respiratory problems and asthma. In addition it also causes mental health problems. He said that because of non-implication of laws to ban shiha, Shisha has become a vital problem young generations health, this issue has kept un noticed but it should be considered one of the main problems. â€Å"Pakistan Medical Associations President Prof Dr Idrees Edhi said that Shisha is becoming common since families do not consider it bad. He said especially the yo uth adopt Shisha smoking as a trend which eventually leads to addiction.†(Hanif, 2011) He said that everyone is aware of the hazards of cigarettes but no one is aware of the hazards of Shisha. Every cafe and restaurants serve Shisha where every student whether a boy or a girl both enjoy the taste and smoke of Shisha without noticing its hazards.   He pointed out certain misconceptions which are the reasons behind this rising trend he said people think that Shisha is environmental friendly due to baseless reasons including that the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; less nicotine content than that of a cigarette and healthier smoking due to the addition of fruit flavours but these all are misunderstandings.† Dr Javaid Khan told that he conducted a survey in four universities which revealed that 43 percent male and 11 percent female students were the addicts of Shisha while 60 percent males and 18 percent females had consumed Shisha once in their lives.† (Hanif, 2011). Shisha has become a major part of majority of the youngsters as I carried out a survey in which I asked the quantity of consumption of Shisha on average, majority reply was once daily. Shisha has become more of a trend and a way to keep one up to date. It has become a mean of get together. People even consider it as a best pastime. This really shows its significance. Government carry out surveys, research and passing laws against Shisha shows that Shisha is becoming Pakistanis culture its significance is increasing day by day. Nowadays it is becoming a major part of any festival   whether it is basant, jash-ne- bahara, wedding ceremony, birthday party or any private party. Shisha is available almost everywhere as a cigarette is available. People prefer Shisha over cigarettes as they follow their false assumption that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes. This all major points show that Shisha is affecting our nation by all means. (Hanif, 2011 ). Shisha Cafes In its most common meaning a cafe is a place to eat, a restaurant as we may call it, but when we talk about a cafe in Lahore, Pakistan there is a difference in its meaning than a restaurant. A cafe in Lahore has one distinctive feature than restaurants, which is, it is also a Shisha corner. Shisha has become a lot popular since it was first introduced, around 10 years ago. The first place where it was served is National Park, more commonly known as Mini Golf. One of its owners is the most popular of personalities of Lahore, Shah Sharabeel. Ali Shisha wala isthe sole manufacturer of a certain design of Shisha. As Shisha increased in demand, investors set in to meet this demand. Places like Defense Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulberg were filled with such cafes. As competition set in, Mini golf managed to hold three open bars for Shisha serving which attracted quite a lot of teenagers, they offered, and still do, different discount cards to attract customers, mainly targe ting teenagers, portraying Shisha as the new ‘hip product. Hazards of Shisha were not much of a concern then. It was only until recently that the hazards of Shisha have become a major concern. As Javed(2010) claims in an article, that Shisha has indeed become an addiction, which is widespread in the 16-25 years age group which consisted of 70 percent males and 30 percent female Shisha smokers. According to our research, most of the Shisha smokers are unaware of the threats posed by it and those who are aware of the hazards do not seem to understand the seriousness of it, like many cigarette smokers. The contents of Shisha mostly carry prohibited and addictive substances. One of the dangers is that Shisha may result into low fertility rates among girls. There may be about 30 cafes in DHA and Gulberg only and by personal experience I know that none of the suppliers were aware of the hazards of Shisha smoking, if they were, they were not concerned by it, but everyday they m ake much profits through their customers. The Governments consideration of Shisha and its hazards have only recently come into play due to the protests by the media and the DHA Shisha ban phenomenon, which happened about 3 years ago. It is suspected that a lot of malpractice takes place during Shisha sessions. It is precisely that reason why Shisha has been banned outright in DHA. A girl expired while smoking Shisha which contained wine instead of water and cocaine instead of flavor in it, the mixture reacted pretty bad or heavy for the girls body. However this did not seem to have a substantial effect on Shisha smokers and Shisha providers. However Shisha cafes remain open in the outskirts of DHA, shifting the consumers to these cafes. When we talk about Shisha hazards and the cafes who are providing it, we seem to forget about the workers of that place. I aimed to fulfill this gap and obtain their views. One of the workers, Muhammad Arslan who works at mini golf, was in terviewed. He says that he and he alone serves up to 70 Shishas everyday. When asked about his health he claimed that he has not observed any change in his health. Another waiter standing nearby responded to this question too, stating that he feels addicted to Shisha smoking. However, my personal reviews about Arslan were that his face was pallid and he seemed very weak by his appearance, like a drug addict, to be more accurate. When asked that why did he preferred serving Shisha and not food, his answer was that he always wanted to do this, he states that by checking and listening to his customers reviews of the Shisha he served, gives him pleasure. Finally we asked him about the safety precautions, the management had to propose to the workers, we received a flat â€Å"nothing† as an answer to this. It is agonizing to see how badly these investors treat their workers, who risk their lives to conduct their tasks although they are not aware of it, who are not being paid adequa tely and no precautions! The workers may not be aware of the hazards of Shisha; it is their employers responsibility to take notice of their health. Awareness campaigns should be held in order to save these workers. It should be discouraged; the employers ought to take responsibility for their health. If one worker serves up to 70 Shisha on average, this is an outrage that their employers are not even concerned. The government should take notice of this worker exploitation. Once the interview was conducted and analyzed, we shifted towards the suppliers to obtain reviews and their justification of the worker exploitation. We also intend to find whether they are affected by the ban on Shisha in DHA. Since the hovering news of the raid in Jammin Java cafe in Gulberg, many cafes have taken precautions, as the Government seems to take notice on the hazards of Shisha. An example is a notice outside mini golfs Arabian lounge, which said â€Å"Shisha will not be served to underage pu pil.† Cafe rock was surveyed as a sample and interviewed its owner, Omer Javed Butt. There was also a sign board on its entrance saying the same statement mentioned above. Starting with the obvious of questions was he aware of the danger posed by Shisha. Yes, he does but according to Mr. Butt there are certain flavors which are dangerous for example, Gutka and its mixture with other flavors. He states that his cafe does not cater any such flavors. He claims that his cafes main purpose is to serve as a restaurant. Their cafe provides Shisha with food only. This is a mean to discourage Shisha, according to him. With this caution they manage to make about RS 300,000 every month, exclusively on Shisha. When asked about what measures have he taken for the workers health, he states that he has simply reduced their working hours compared to other waiters without any increments in their wage or any other fringe benefits. As for the governments consideration on Shisha, it cant be banned outright because cigarette smoking have not been banned, which is a more dangerous addiction. By pointing out the governments lack of authority in banning cigarette smoking, they intend to de-track the government and compensate them for providing Shisha. And since Shisha have been brought into citizens homes, it simply cant be banned, because it would not stop smokers (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 28t). The measures taken by the Punjab Government to decrease the consumption of Shisha is have not resulted into a major threat as their business have not been affected by it(Omer, personal communication). The reason for ban on Shisha in DHA is known to everyone, even our interviewees. It has been a rumor that many people and cafes have been infusing drugs in the contents of Shisha. However it have never been proven, neither have anybody witnessed it. While surveying Arslan was inquired about the rumored drug activity taking place in cafes, he disagrees; drug activ ities are not conducted publicly but in privacy. Furthermore, such activities cannot take place within a cafes premises as drugs like cocaine can easily be detected (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 21st). The university grapevine tells a different story, it is known by students that malpractice can take place publicly although not anymore, due to the recent police raid in two cafes. The police forced their way in Sheikhoos cafe and cafe life on March, 17, 2011, although illegally as they failed to show a warrant when inquired, but when asked from the policemen, they claim that they were conducting raids under orders of the Lahore CCPO (Pakistan today, 2011). Under such circumstances the cafe owners take precautions so as not to damage their reputation in the market. As one can conclude from the results, it is advisable for the government to take actions but legally and in a subtle manner. Clientele In Pakistan traditionally used â€Å"hookah† is now known as Shisha. Shisha is gaining massive popularity among youth of Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi causing serious health issues to their lives. People addicted to smoking Shisha faces many problems due to its ban. The major concern for the society is the increasing rate of smokers in both male and female. Shisha attracts more customers than cigarettes as it is served with flavours and sweet-smelling substances of Lemon, Strawberry, Orange, Apple, Honey and cherry. Although the ban on the use of Shisha has been selectively imposed by the governments in certain areas but violators are not being prosecuted. Some restaurants are still offering Shisha to the teenagers who are visiting these places in increasing numbers. These youngsters seem to have taken Shisha as a style symbol without knowing its consequences (See Appendix C, Figure 1). Shisha smoking is one of the most recent trends among the youth of Lahore. Cafes offering Shisha are considered to be ‘in and therefore, gain a big â€Å"clientele†. According to a newspaper report, Lahores Defence Housing Authority (DHA) has asked cafes not to serve Shisha as it is injurious to health and also used in the consumption of drugs in most of the cases. Concerned parents feel relaxed after the imposition of ban on Shisha. However, there are still many questions unanswered such as â€Å"Do we have definitive medical evidence suggesting that smoking Shisha is a health hazard? Do cafes need official permission for serving Shisha? Why is it still being allowed to be served in other parts of Lahore?† (â€Å"Lahores bifurcated laws the perils of smoking Shisha in DHA†, 2008). Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to find concrete evidence regarding the harmful effects of Shisha and hence, issue health warnings to youngsters as it was done in case of cigarette smokers. If Shisha is considered to be harmful, it has to be banned all over the city. It makes no sense why the administration outside DHA is not asked to impose a ban on it. (2008) Young people are the primary target of the tobacco industry in Pakistan. In order to create 100 percent smoke-free environment complete ban should be imposed on tobacco advertising. Similarly to discourage its use tobacco taxation should be introduced. As we all know that youth is the backbone of every nation. In order to maximize their profits tobacco industry needs to replace people who quit smoking with new young customers. This can only be done by attracting more individuals from worldwide with potentially divesting health consequences. Some people thing that smoking Shisha is less injurious to health than smoking cigarettes however, they both cause serious diseases such as lung cancer. (Maqbool, 2009). According to Section-8 of the Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-smokers health ordinance, in year 2002 no person was allowed to sell to bacco products to any other person under the age of 18 years as it was against the law. The enforcement of this section of law has remained weak so far. (Maqbool, 2010). The National Bank Park near Kalma Chowk and restaurants around Gaddafi stadium are identified as hubs of Shisha smoking. Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif took action in the Senate and standing Committee on health to stop the trend of Shisha bars in high-class and middle class areas making teenagers especially women addicted. He promised that no new contracts will be issued to Shisha bars in parks to stop unhealthy activities in young generation. (â€Å"25pc people may be diabetic by 2025†, 2010). Another important thing is parents generally do not know that flavored tobacco used in Shisha is as dangerous as cigarettes tobacco. Due to which TCC (Tobacco Control Cell) has printed flyers to distribute them in the educational institute to highlight the dangers of Shisha smoking and the fact that it is against the law to serve Shisha to those who are under 18 years of age. (Maqbool, 2011). According to Muhammad Ahmed Pansota a police team led by the Liberty police SHO raided Restaurants of Danial Arif (Sheikhoos Cafe at MM Alam Road), and Arif Saleem (Cafe Life at Gaddafi Stadium). There were two Shishas held from Arifs restaurant and four from Saleems. The police told them that were not allowed to serve Shishas, though the police had nothing in written. The petitioners added they serve Shisha throughout the province without any opposition from the government officials. The clients were not implicated in any criminal activities rather the police raid was unlawful and meant to blackmail them to close their business. The clients were aware of all the rules and regulation regarding their business. The police raid not only damaged the petitioners reputation but also resulted in great loss Pansota added. The court has been requested to declare this action of police illegal and unlawful. (â €Å"Shisha ban: Police chief summoned over restaurant†, 2011). Habiba Younis points out that Shisha initially emerged as a style icon in â€Å"elite circles† has now covered people from nearly all groups of society. The most prone of these were, of course, young people. For many it was a hobby, a past time with friends, a mean of being advanced with the latest trends or simple leisure puffing just because others are doing it. Moreover, nowadays its usage isnt only confined to Shisha bars but it is also growing roots in educational premises such as universities. It isnt rare to find students using their own water pipes in university corners and hostels. Also a fact worth mentioning here is that under the cover of Shisha tradition many other drugs are now available in the market. Many bars have been reported to serve Shisha mixed with illegal drugs like heroine and hashish. (2011). Shisha is not that harmful as cigarettes are. They include natural flavors which are environment friendly. It gives out less CO as compared to cigarettes. Smoking twice a day makes it easy to quit smoking cigarettes. It is the best substitute, as it is becoming popular among youth. (U. M. Gondal, personal communication, March, 20, 2011). WHO (World Health Organization) the TCC of the ministry of health has produced a 15-minute video to draw attention to tobacco control laws and their enforcement in Pakistan. The documentary discusses the Shisha among youth and the prohibitation of sale of tobacco products to youth. Shisha has become a style symbol and youth are using it without realizing its impact on health. (â€Å"Pakistan produces first-ever video on tobacco, 2011). CPO Ghulam Mehmood Dogar says while talking to delegations of students and teachers that young generation is spoiled due to economic disparity and they are a subject to sexual abuse. It is termed as a tragedy of the society. The police are therefore, ordered to launch crackdown soon against drug trafficking, internet cafes and Shisha smoking. (â€Å"Crackdown against mini cinemas on the cards, 2011). According to a survey there are nearly 30 million smokers in the country. Almost 100,000 deaths every year are related to smoking diseases. Over 85 percent of the cases of lung and mouth cancer and asthma are smoker. Pakistanis spend over Rs50 billion annually on smoking. The Anti Narcotic Force document says one hour smoking of Shisha is more harmful than smoking of 100 cigarettes. (Ahmad, 2011). Similarly it is stated that, the ratio between young male and young female smokers had shrunk from 4:1 in 1996 to 2:1 in 2003. It is alarming to note that Shisha smokers are budding in numbers, due to certain traditions attached to it made it more popular among the youth today.   There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use. (â€Å"Tabacco kills 274 Pakistanis every day: experts†) According to a social worker Munir Khan who visited more than 5 Shisha Houses in Model Town, Johar Town, Tech Society, DHA and M M Alam road Gulberg told this scribe that he talked to a group of teen-agers sitting in a Shisha House and they told him that their parents were unaware about water pipe smoking habit and if they knew, they would have no objection, he added (Butt, 2009). After we circulated self-administered questionnaire, deduced results states that even though, Shisha is harmful to health majority of people do not want it be banned. (Appendix A) Health Issues Shisha smoking has quite various gangerous effects on a mans health. The increasing trend of Shisha smoking observed in the last few years is mostly due to the misconceptions regarding its use, for instance that nicotine content is lower than that of cigarettes and that water filters out all the toxic chemicals including carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine and tar. New research has suggested that the water pipes have three additional lethal risks over cigarette smoking. Flavored tobacco is smoked over coals and fumes from these fuels add new toxins to the already dangerous smoke; Shisha smokers inhale up to 200 times more smoke in a single Shisha session than from a cigarette; And its social acceptance has resulted in high levels of secondhand smoke. (Our literature review) Smoke from the Shisha contains hundreds of potentially dangerous heavy metals like, Arsenic, Cobalt, nicotine, coaltar, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead and Chromium.   Research has shown that under normal Shisha use the smoke produced from a single pipe use contain approximately the same amount of Nicotine and Tar equivalent to 20 Cigarettes. Research has also shown that after 45 minutes of Shisha use expired air, carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and heart rate are significantly elevated. While research about Shisha smoking is still emerging, evidence shows that it poses many dangers: Shisha smoke contains high levels of toxic compounds, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens). In fact, Shisha smokers are exposed to more carbon monoxide and smoke than are cigarette smokers. As with cigarette smoking, Shisha smoking is linked to lung and oral cancers, heart disease and other serious illnesses. Shisha smoking delivers about the same amount of nicotine as cigarette smoking does, possibly leading to tobacco dependence. Shisha smoke poses dangers associated with secondhand smoke (CO). Shisha smoking by pregnant women can result in low birth weight babies. Young female smokers are often motivated more by the desire to â€Å"stay thin† or â€Å"look cool† than to avoid an illness in middle life. Shisha pipes used in Shisha bars and cafes may not be cleaned properly, risking the spread of infectious diseases (T.B, Herpes, Hepatitis). The purpose of this research paper is to create awareness among the youth about the toxic substances present in the smoke of Shisha and the dangerous health hazarards caused due to them. Large number of the people who smoke Shisha are addicted to its taste as it is served with aromatic flavours. (Appendix C, Figure 3). Tobacco also containsnicotine, which according to a Medical Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, is a highly addictivepsychoactivechemical. Nicotine dependence may also result from repeated inhalation of tobacco smoke from Shisha. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. In some people, using any amount of tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. Nicotine dependence according to a reliable search source, ‘www.mayoclinic.com, is an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine. Nicotine dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  also referred to as tobacco dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  means you cant stop using the substance, even though its causing you harm. While its the nicotine in tobacco that causes nicotine dependence, the toxic effects come mainly from other substances in tobacco. Smokers have much higher rates of heart disease, stroke and cancer than do nonsmokers. (â€Å"Nicotine dependence†, 2010) During the research, various visits were made to different restaurants and cafes, and it was found out that consumers fell a sense of pleasure during Shisha smoking. Nicotine produces physical and mood-altering effects in your brain that are temporarily pleasing. These effects make you want to use tobacco and lead to dependence. At the same time, stopping tobacco use causes withdrawal symptoms, including irritability and anxiety. (Wikipedia) Many individuals bolster their denial of harmful effects of Shisha smoking by focusing on someone they know personally who smoked until he or she was very old and died peacefully in bed. Such strong counter example helps smok ers to maintain internal beliefs that comfort them when presented with statistical evidence. Many effective treatments for nicotine dependence are available to help you manage withdrawal and stop smoking for good. Signs that you may be addicted include: You cant stop smoking.Youve made one or more serious, but unsuccessful, attempts to stop. You experience withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop. Your attempts at stopping have caused mood-related signs and symptoms, such as strong cravings, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, depressed mood, frustration or anger, difficulty concentrating, increased hunger, insomnia, and or diarrhea constipation. You keep smoking despite health problems.Even though youve developed problems with your lungs or your heart, you havent stopped or cant stop. You give up social or recreational activities in order to smoke.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with certain family members or friends because you cant smoke in these locations or situations. Shisha contains Carbon Monoxide (CO) which produces certain harmful diseases such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), also known aschronic obstructive lung disease(COLD),chronic obstructive airway disease(COAD),chronic airflow limitation(CAL) andchronic obstructive respiratory disease(CORD), which is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitisandemphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which theairwaysbecome narrowed. (U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute What is COPD).This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causingshortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow onlung function tests.In contrast toasthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly fromtobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormalinflammatory responsein the lung. (Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A,et al., 2007).The inflammatory response in the larger airways is known aschronic bronchitis, which is diagnosed clinically when people regularly cough upsputum. In thealveoli, the inflammatory response causes destruction of the tissues of the lung, a process known as emphysema. The natural course of COPD is characterized by occasional sudden worsening of symptoms called acute exacerbations, most of which are caused byinfectionsorair pollution. One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath (dyspnea). People with COPD commonly describe this as: My breathing requires effort, I feel out of breath, or I cant get enough air in.People with COPD, typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demand on the lungs is greatest. Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present. Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough,sputumor mucus production,wheezing, chest tightness, and tiredness. People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes developrespiratory failure. When this happens,cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching (asterixis). A complication of advanced COPD iscor pulmonale, a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs. There are a fewsignsof COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are: tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate, wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard through astethoscope, breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in, enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance (hyper aeration), active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing, breathing through pursed lips, increased antero posterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e.barrel chest). CO is also a cause of Chronic Bronchitis. Lung damage and inflammation in the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough withsputumproduction on most days for 3 months of a year, for 2 consecutive years. In the airways of the lung, the hallmark of chronic bronchitis is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cellsandmucous glandsof the airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the airways and causing a cough with sputum. Microscopicallythere isinfiltrationof the airway walls withinflammatorycells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there issquamous metaplasia(an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the airway) andfibrosis(further thickening and scarring of the airway wall). The consequence of th ese changes is a limitation of airflow. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as Blue Bloaters because of the bluish color of the skin and lips (cyanosis) seen in them.Thehypoxiaandfluid retentionleads to them being called Blue Bloaters. (Longmore, J. M.; Murray Longmore; Wilkinson, Ian; Supraj R. Rajagopalan, 2004) Emphysema is also caused due to the presence of CO which is an important ingredient of Shisha smoke. Lung damage and inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) results in emphysema.Emphysemais defined as enlargement of the air spacesdistalto theterminal bronchioles, with destruction of their walls.The destruction of air space walls reduces thesurface areaavailable for the exchange of oxygen andcarbon dioxideduring breathing. It also reduces the elasticity of the lung itself, which results in a loss of support for the airways that are embedded in the lung. These airways are more likely to collapse causing further limitation to airflow. The effort made by patients suffering from emphysema during exhalation, causes a pink color in their faces, hence the term commonly used to refer to them, Pink Puffers. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Epidemiologicalstudies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking. During the interview with a doctor, it was a shocking fact to find out that Shisha smoking not only affects the direct smoker but also affects the people around him in a rather worse manner. This phenomenon is called Passive smoking whichis the inhalation of smoke, calledsecondhand smoke(SHS) orenvironmental tobacco smoke(ETS), fromtobacco products used by others. It occurs when smoke permeates any environment, causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smokecausesdisease, disability, and death. Currently, the health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter ofscientific consensus, and these risks have been one of the major motivations forsmoking bansin workplaces and indoor public places, includingrestaurants and cafes etc. (â€Å"Passive smoking†, 2011) In 1992, theJournal of the American Medical Associationpublished a review of available evidence on the relationship between secondhand smoke and heart disease, and estimated that passive smoking was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in theUnited Statesin the early 1980s.Theabsolute risk increaseof heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while theattributable risk percentwas 23%. Research using more exact measures of secondhand smoke exposure suggests that risks to nonsmokers may be even greater than this estimate. A British study reported that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of heart disease among non-smokers by as much as 60%, similar to light smoking.Evidence also shows that inhaled side stream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke, a fact that was known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, which kept its findings secret. Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking, in particular the risk of developing coronary heart diseases, may have been substantially underestimated. A minority of epidemiologists find it hard to understand how environmental tobacco smoke, which is far more dilute than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers.One proposed explanation is that secondhand smoke is not simply a diluted version of mainstream smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter.Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular d iseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who suffer acute coronary syndromes. Raupach T, SchÃÆ' ¤fer K, Konstantinides S and Andreas S (2006). Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm.(European Heart Journal,27, 4, pp.386-392). According to a local gynecologist, Dr. Sobia Nadeem, tobacco use in women is also an important factor in miscarriages among pregnant Shisha smokers, it contributes to a number of other health threats to the health of the fetus such as and low birth weight premature births and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).To strengthen this fact with the hlp of an evidence, it is stated that result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brains ability to recognizehypoxicconditions, thus increasing the chance of accidentaldeath. It was als o found out that incidence ofimpotencyis approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. (Dr. Hassan Tariq, Adil Hospital, Lahore) There is also some evidence that Shisha use may also decrease the sperm count in men. Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effect of the Shisha use (Dr. Javed Khan, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi). Much like cigarette smoke, Shisha smoke can lead to heath problems such as lung disease, emphysema, asthma, low birth weight and cancer of the mouth, esophagus and lungs. According to Professor Javaid Khan of Aga Khan University in Pakistan, regular Shisha users have lung functions approximately 25 percent lower than those who do not use this. Professor Khan also notes that children are especially susceptible to harmful effects such as lung infections, asthma and sudden infant death syndrome. (Gream, 2010). Smoking Shisha dramatically increase the risk of developing many diseases .It is responsible for a sub stantial majority of cases of lung cancer, oral cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and most smokers die either from these respiratory diseases or from ischemic heart disease. Smoking also causes cancers to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, pancreas, bladder and kidney and increase ricks of peptic ulceration. Authracsis (black lung) is coal induced pulmonary leisan in tobacco smokers. Inhaled carbon pigment is engulfed by alveolar macroplges which then accumulate in connective tissue along with lympleatices. Smoke from a Shisha is also a major cause of oral cancer. Cancer is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to surrounding tissue. Oral cancer appears as a growth or sore that does not go away. (Wikipedia) If you notice any of these changes, contact your dentist immediately for a professional examination which includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheek, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx (throat) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. The following are the common symptoms: Swellings/thickenings, lumps or bumps, rough spots/crusts/or eroded areas on the lips, gums, or other areas inside the mouth, The development of velvety white, red, or speckled (white and red) patches in the mouth, Unexplained bleeding in the mouth, Unexplained numbness, loss of feeling, or pain/tenderness in any area of the face, mouth, or neck, Persistent sores on the face, neck, or mouth that bleed easily and do not heal within two weeks, A soreness or feeling that something is caught in the back of the throat, Difficulty chewing or swallowing, speaking, or moving the jaw or tongue, Hoarseness, chronic sore throat, or changes in the voice A change in the way your teeth or dentures fit together a change in your bite, The MO at Adil Hospital, Lahore also told that Sore throat is also caused to the consumption of Shisha. Sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. A sore throat is the primary symptom of pharyngitis which is inflammation of the pharynx, or throat. But the terms sore throat and pharyngitis are often used interchangeably. Symptoms of a sore throat may vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms may include: Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat, Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking, Difficulty swallowing, Dry throat, Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw, Swollen, red tonsils, White patches or pus on your tonsils, Hoarse or muffled voice, Refusal to eat (infants and toddlers). (â€Å"Sore throat†, 2010) According to some respondents, Sinus headaches are also experienced due to the smoke. These are headaches that may accompany sinusitis, a condition in which the membranes lining your sinuses become swollen and inflamed. You may feel pressure around your eyes, cheeks and forehead. Perhaps your head throbs. Although these can indicate sinus headaches, dont jump to conclusions. Many people who assume they have sinus headaches actually have migraines or tension headaches. When sinus headaches caused by sinusitis do occur, proper diagnosis and treatment are the keys to relief. While doing this research, we came across a notion that a one hour session of Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes. While interviewing a doctor at Adil Hospital, Lahore, it was shocking to come across the fact that even the doctor agreed to this fact which previously just seemed like a notion. According to a House Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, the tobacco is no less toxic in a Shi sha pipe, and the water in the Shisha does not filter out the toxic ingredients in the tobacco smoke. When asked the question if one hour of   Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes, he told us that Shisha smokers may actually inhale more tobacco smoke than cigarette smokers do because of the large volume of smoke they inhale in one smoking session, which can last as long as 45 minutes. â€Å"Shisha has dangerous effects on the body because it exposes the smoker to a much larger volume of smoke than what would be inhaled from a cigarette. Even though the smoke is filtered out by water, inhalation of toxic substances is similar to or even greater than that of cigarette smoking. Many people are misled in believing that water filters out the toxins and that nicotine is reduced in water pipe smoking. Not only does water pipe smoking include the same substances as cigarette smoke such as carbon monoxide and tar, tobacco used for water pipe smoking contains two to four percent nicotine, as opposed to the one to three percent for cigarettes,† Krebs said. â€Å"The pressures of work and emotional stress of people who feel they do not live their lives well create tension and psychological pain,† he said. â€Å"They want to stop this pain, so they decide to smoke Shisha, which has chemical sedatives that are absorbed in the lungs.   Those sedative chemicals travel through the blood to anesthetic centers in the brain, causing people to relax somewhat,† al-Khamery said. A single session of smoking Shisha produces carbon monoxide levels four to five times higher than those produced from smoking a cigarette. When the breath of heavy tobacco smokers was measured, carbon monoxide levels of 30 to 40 ppm (parts per million) were found. These levels indicate that approximately 5 to 7 percent of blood was not functioning properly. The breath of Shisha smokers measured 40 to 70 ppm of carbon monoxide, resulting in 8 to 12 percent of blood being affected. BBC News notes that the normal carbon monoxide level is 3 ppm. Elevated carbon monoxide levels can result in brain damage and unconsciousness. Though not a risk directly associated with Shisha, the spread of infectious disease is associated with shared water pipes. Saliva transferred from an infected person to a non-infected person via an unclean hose can spread dangerous infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, herpes and the H1N1 virus, as well as more common illnesses such as the cold and flu viruses. Even if a Shisha smoker decides to quit there are a variety of influences in the wider environment that reduces the chances of sustained success, including peer pressure, Shisha advertisement and finding oneself in circumstances where one previously smoked. Conclusion In conclusion, Shisha is more a matter of drugs being involved and steps should be taken to stop it as a means of taking drugs â€Å"legally†, thanks to the social acceptance of Shisha. The government should start taking steps in a more subtle manner so as not to give the suppliers a chance to protest, for example, the government can also take steps to ensure that Shisha and cigarettes are not sold to people under the age of 18. Furthermore, like cigarette smoking, Shisha also falls into the grey area where freedom to use it cannot be prohibited in â€Å"adults† but steps can be taken by the government to ensure that people are aware of the dangers of smoking Shisha. Apart from awareness campaigns the government can also levy a handsome tax hence, discouraging the use of Shisha and ensuring that most, if not all of the general public, can live a safe and healthy life. As for the workers, the government should inquire the suppliers about their safety precautions, an d can pass out a law to ensure the health of workers. According to Habiba Younis policymakers should act â€Å"intelligently† to deal with this problem. Strict action should be taken, instead of imposing complete ban on it. â€Å"Heavy taxation†, â€Å"official checks† and â€Å"certain restriction on Shisha† will help to overcome this growing trend among youth. The need of the hour is to formulate strategies that grip this culture. â€Å"Although a 100 per cent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible, even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.† (2011). Recommendations According to this research carried out, it was found that the young generation is heavily getting dependent on the Shisha ignorant of the health hazards it causes. This is mainly due to the fact that in Pakistan and particularly in Lahore, Shisha came into the scenario only six to seven years back in 2006. Therefore, theres not much research carried out in Pakistan regarding Shisha consumption. There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use.   Our religious scholars as well as non-governmental organizations should come forward and educate the public against the Shisha epidemic which is rapidly spreading in not only in the Muslims countries but also in the developed world. Special seminars should be held in schools across Lahore, warning the children against the dangers of Shisha use.   Government must also bring laws restricting restaurants owners serving Shisha to its customers. The government ought to conduct investigations in order to avoid any further worker exploitation. The workers have a right to work under safe and healthy conditions. It is not only governments responsibility to discourage Shisha smoking but also the youth. Campaigns in universities should be held in order to increase awareness of the hazards of Shisha. Shisha is not only about the dangers of its ingredients but also the malpractice done using it. It can be very dangerous when one mixes drugs in Shisha. Therefore sale of Shisha should be discouraged at every tobacco shop.